Study Guide Essay Example

Study Guide Essay PCB 3063 Spring 2012 Problem Set 1 ANSWERS 1. Determine the types of gametes produced by each of the following individuals: a. Aa1/2 A, 1/2 a b. AaBb1/4 AB, 1/4 Ab, 1/4 aB, 1/4 ab c. AABb1/2 AB, 1/ Ab d. AaBBCc1/4 ABC, 1/4 aBC, 1/4 ABc, 1/4 aBc 2. Use the Punnett square to determine the genotypes in the progeny of each of the following crosses: a. Dd x Dd b. AaBB x AaBB c. CcEE x CCEe Notice: in every case, each parent produces only two types of gametes. [pic] 3. In guinea pigs, rough coat (R) is dominant over smooth coat (r). A rough coated guinea pig is bred to a smooth one, giving eight rough and seven smooth progeny in the F1 generation. a. What are the genotypes of the parents and their offspring? The recessive trait is observed in the progeny, so the rough-coated parent must be heterozygous. P: Rr (rough) x rr (smooth) F1: 1/2 Rr, 1/2 rr b. If one of the rough F1 animals is mated to its rough parent, what progeny would you expect? This would be a monohybrid cross: Rr x Rr =gt; 1/4 RR, 1/2 Rr, 1/4 rr. 4. In maize, a dominant allele A is necessary for seed color, as opposed to colorless (a). We will write a custom essay sample on Study Guide specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Study Guide specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Study Guide specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another gene has a recessive allele w that results in waxy starch, as opposed to normal starch (W). The two genes segregate independently. What are the phenotypes and relative frequencies of offspring from each of the following crosses? Notice: The question specifies phenotypic ratios. a. AaWw x AaWw This is a dihybrid cross: 9/16 A_W_ (normal) 3/16 A_ww (waxy) 3/16 aaW_ (colorless) 1/16 aaww (waxy, colorless) b. AaWW x AaWW This works like a monohybrid cross because both parents are homozygotic for WW. 3/4 A_WW (normal), 1/4 aaWW (colorless) 5. In humans, alkaptonuria is a metabolic disorder in which affected persons produce black urine. Alkaptonuria results from an autosomal allele (a) that is recessive to the allele for normal metabolism (A). Sally has normal metabolism, but her brother has alkaptonuria. Sally’s father has alkaptonuria, and her mother has normal metabolism. a. Construct a pedigree of this family and indicate the genotypes of Sally, her mother, her father, and her brother. Sally’s mother must be a carrier. Sally is also a carrier because she received one alkaptonuria allele from her father. [pic] Caution: this is not X-linked inheritance. b. If Sally’s parents have another child, what is the probability that this child will have alkaptonuria? aa (father) x Aa (mother) 1/2 Aa (normal metabolism) 1/2 aa (alkaptonuria) 6. Both John and Cathy have normal vision. After 10 years of marriage to John, Cathy gave birth to a color-blind daughter (color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait). John filed for divorce, claiming that he is not the father of the child. Is John justified in his claim of non-paternity? Explain your answer. Give the genotypes of John, Cathy and the child. Since color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait, the color-blind daughter must be homozygous for the color blindness allele. That means that she inherited a color blindness allele from each parent. John can not be the father, because he has no color blindness alleles (he has normal vision, so he is hemizygous for the normal vision allele). Cathy is a carrier. She is also a big cheater! John: CY Cathy: Cc Daughter: cc Whoever the father of the girl is must be cY and color blind. [pic] 7. If the pedigree above illustrates an autosomal dominant trait, then individual I-1: (Note: the â€Å"carrier† symbol was not used in the above pedigree. a. must be homozygous dominant b. must be heterozygous c. must be homozygous recessive d. could be either homozygous dominant or heterozygous e. could be either homozygous recessive or heterozygous This is a dominant trait and I-1 is affected, but he had unaffected children. Therefore he must be heterozygous. 8. The following pedigree is f or an X-linked trait: (Note: the â€Å"carrier† symbol was not used in this pedigree. ) [pic] a. Is this trait dominant or recessive? Recessive: unaffected females III-4 and IV-1have affected sons. b. Indicate the genotypes of all the individuals in the pedigree. Affected males are hemizygous for the recessive allele †¢ Affected females are homozygous for the recessive allele †¢ Unaffected males are hemizygous for the dominant allele †¢ Heterozygotes are carrier females Pedigree with the carrier symbols: [pic] Notice: the exact genotype of individual IV-4 is uncertain. 9. The following pedigree illustrates the inheritance of Nance-Horan syndrome, a rare X-linked genetic condition in which affected persons have cataracts and abnormally shaped teeth. (Note: the â€Å"carrier† symbol was not used in this pedigree. [pic] If III-2 and III-7 mated, what would be the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios in their progeny? Draw a Punnett square. The trait is recessive because some unaffected mothers have affected sons (and males get their X from their mothers). III-2 is an affected male, so he must be hemizygous for the condition. III-7 is a carrier female because her father is affected. [pic] 10. If traits R1 and R2 exhibit incomplete dominance over each other, what will be the phenotypic ratio in the progeny of the cross R1R1 x R1R2 ? :1 (individual R1R1 produces only one type of gamete) 1/2 R1R1, 1/2 R1R2 11. In shorthorn cattle, coat color may be red, white, or roan. Roan is an intermediate phenotype. The following data were obtained from var ious crosses: red x red-gt; all red white x white-gt; all white red x white-gt; all roan roan x roan-gt; 1/4 red: 1/2 roan: 1/4 white a. How is coat color inherited? Incomplete dominance: heterozygotes have an intermediate color (roan) b. What are the genotypes of parents and offspring in each cross? RR x RR =gt; all RR rr x rr =gt; all rr RR x rr =gt; all Rr Rr x Rr =gt; 1/4 RR, 2/4 Rr, 1/4 rr [pic] 12. Bar is an X-linked mutation in Drosophila that exhibits incomplete dominance. Flies that are homozygous for Bar have bar-shaped eyes. Heterozygous flies have bean-shaped eyes (an intermediate phenotype). a. What will be the outcome of a cross between a normal female and a bar-eyed male? Normal females must be homozygous for the normal allele because Bar is an incomplete dominant. Bar-eyed males are hemyzygous Bar. [pic] b. Use the Punnett square to determine the genotypes and phenotypes of the F2 generation [pic] Note: always indicate sex along with the phenotypes for X-linked inheritance. 13. If traits LM and LN exhibit codominance relative to each other, what will be the phenotypic ratio in the progeny of the cross LMLN x LMLN ? 1:2:1 (monohybrid ratio): 1/4 LMLM (M), 2/4 LMLN(MN), 1/4 LNLN (N) 14. In a rare species of frog, red color (Y) is dominant over yellow color (y, a null allele). The character is autosomal. The cross YY x Yy produced over 100 frogs: 96% red and 4% yellow. Which complication of Mendelian genetics can explain this outcome? a. recessive lethality of the y allele . codominance c. incomplete dominance d. incomplete penetrance e. variable expressivity All the frogs in F1 are Y_ so they should all be red, but a small percentage is not. There are no yy individuals, so recessive lethality can not explain this. It is not incomplete dominance or codominance, because those would yield 1:1 ratios. It is not variable expressivity because yellow is a recessive phenotype, not a var iation of the dominant phenotype. 15. In foxes, two alleles of a single gene, P and p, may result in lethality (PP), platinum coat (Pp), or silver coat (pp). Notice: this is an autosomal trait because nothing is indicated otherwise. a. Is the P allele behaving dominantly or recessively in causing lethality? Recessive: heterozygotes survive. b. Is the P allele behaving dominantly or recessively in causing platinum coat color? Dominant: heterozygotes are platinum, while the pp homozygotes are silver (two p alleles are necessary for the silver coat, therefore silver is recessive). c. What ratios are obtained when platinum foxes are interbred? Pp x Pp =gt; 1/4 PP (dead), 1/2 Pp (platinum), 1/4 pp (silver) Apparent ratio: 2/3 platinum: 1/3 silver [pic] 16. In a rare species of duck there is an X-linked allele (E1) that results in animals with only one eye (pictured above). The normal phenotype results from the wild-type allele (E), which is also necessary for survival. Use the Punnet square to determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratios in the progeny of a cross between a one-eyed female and a normal male. Since E is necessary for survival, the E allele is recessive in causing lethality (because homozygous E’E’ would die) but dominant in causing the one-eye condition (since only heterozygotes would be able to carry the E’ allele, and they would be one-eyed). Notice: the one-eyed male (pictured above) cannot occur! [pic] 17. The g allele in the Chupacabra is X-linked recessive lethal. Heterozygous individuals have gray hair instead of the normal black hair. Use the Punnett square to determine the outcome of a cross between a normal male and a gray female. I made this up! The gray female must be heterozygous because she needs at least one copy of the normal allele to survive. Since she’s also gray, the g allele is recessive in causing lethality but dominant in causing color. [pic] Important: always indicate sex along with the phenotypes for X-linked inheritance.

Free Essays on World War One

The World War I was a significant turning point in the Twentieth century. It caused â€Å"the world to go crazy.† The roles of Wilson, Clemenceau and Lloyd-George helped structure the peace agreements. Some historians have criticized the Treaty Of Versailles as a failure and as the signal event that laid the foundation for World War II. Twenty-seven countries on five continents were involved in World War I. This war was also called the Great War. New weapons and new methods of warfare were developed during World War I that dramatically affected the war. World War I was the bloodiest and most costly of all the previous wars. World War I was different from previous wars because of the new types of weapons and methods used on the battlefields, in the skies, and on the seas. World War I was different from previous wars because of the types of weapons and the methods of warfare used. Soldiers first saw the use of tanks, submarines, trench warfare, hand grenades, long-range field guns, air warfare including bombers and airships called zeppelins, and poisonous mustard gas. Because of the new technology in warfare, World War I took the lives of twice as many members of our armed forces as all the previous major wars put together. The British army first established the use of tanks, a new weapon in warfare. The Germans , in turn, developed new weapons to deal with the tanks, which included field guns. World War I marked the beginning of chemical warfare in which clouds of poisonous mustard gas contributed to the casualties of the war. Unlike previous wars, World War I was fought on the sea and in the air. This was the first war in which airplanes and zeppelins were used. At the outbreak of the war, each army had several hundred planes. The Germans used the zeppelin for observation and for bombing raids. The submarine came into use for the first time on a large scale during World War I. The Germans speeded up production of submarines in an... Free Essays on World War One Free Essays on World War One The World War I was a significant turning point in the Twentieth century. It caused â€Å"the world to go crazy.† The roles of Wilson, Clemenceau and Lloyd-George helped structure the peace agreements. Some historians have criticized the Treaty Of Versailles as a failure and as the signal event that laid the foundation for World War II. Twenty-seven countries on five continents were involved in World War I. This war was also called the Great War. New weapons and new methods of warfare were developed during World War I that dramatically affected the war. World War I was the bloodiest and most costly of all the previous wars. World War I was different from previous wars because of the new types of weapons and methods used on the battlefields, in the skies, and on the seas. World War I was different from previous wars because of the types of weapons and the methods of warfare used. Soldiers first saw the use of tanks, submarines, trench warfare, hand grenades, long-range field guns, air warfare including bombers and airships called zeppelins, and poisonous mustard gas. Because of the new technology in warfare, World War I took the lives of twice as many members of our armed forces as all the previous major wars put together. The British army first established the use of tanks, a new weapon in warfare. The Germans , in turn, developed new weapons to deal with the tanks, which included field guns. World War I marked the beginning of chemical warfare in which clouds of poisonous mustard gas contributed to the casualties of the war. Unlike previous wars, World War I was fought on the sea and in the air. This was the first war in which airplanes and zeppelins were used. At the outbreak of the war, each army had several hundred planes. The Germans used the zeppelin for observation and for bombing raids. The submarine came into use for the first time on a large scale during World War I. The Germans speeded up production of submarines in an...

The Duma in Russian History

The Duma in Russian History The Duma (Assembly in Russian) was an elected semi-representative body in Russia from 1906 to 1917. It was created by the leader of the ruling Tsarist regime Tsar Nicholas II in 1905 when the government was desperate to divide the opposition during an uprising. The creation of the assembly was very much against his will, but he had promised to create an elected, national, legislative assembly. After the announcement, hopes were high that the Duma would bring democracy, but it was soon revealed that the Duma would have two chambers, only one of which was elected by the Russian people. The Tsar appointed the other, and that house held a veto over any actions of the other. Also, the Tsar retained ‘Supreme Autocratic Power.’ In effect, the Duma was neutered right from the start, and people knew it. There were four Dumas during the institution’s lifetime: 1906, 1907, 1907–12 and 1912–17; each had several hundred members made up of a mix of peasants and ruling classes, professional men and workers alike. Dumas 1 and 2 The first Duma was comprised of deputies angry at the Tsar and what they perceived as backtracking on his promises. The Tsar dissolved the body after only two months when the government felt the Duma complained too much and was intractable. Indeed, when the Duma had sent the Tsar a list of grievances, he had replied by sending the first two things he felt able to let them decide on: a new laundry and a new greenhouse. The Duma found this offensive and the relations broke down. The second Duma lasted from February to June 1907, and, because of the actions of Kadet liberals shortly before the election, the Duma was dominated by extremely anti-government factions. This Duma had 520 members, only 6% (31) had been in the first Duma: the government outlawed anybody who signed the Viborg Manifesto protesting dissolving of the first one. When this Duma opposed the reforms of Nicholass Minister of the Interior Pyotr A. Stolypin, it too was dissolved. Dumas 3 and 4 Despite this false start, the Tsar persevered, keen to portray Russia as a democratic body to the world, particularly trade partners like Britain and France who were pushing forward with limited democracy. The government changed the voting laws, limiting the electorate to just those who owned property, disenfranchising most peasants and workers (the groups who would come to be used in the 1917 revolutions). The result was the more docile third Duma of 1907, dominated by Russia’s Tsar-friendly right wing. However, the body did get some laws and reforms put into effect. New elections were held in 1912, and the fourth Duma was created. This was still less radical than the first and second Dumas, but was still deeply critical of the Tsar and closely questioned government ministers. End of the Duma During the First World War, the members of the fourth Duma grew increasingly critical of the inept Russian government, and in 1917 joined with the army to send a delegation to the Tsar, asking him to abdicate. When he did so, the Duma transformed into part of the Provisional Government. This group of men tried to run Russia in conjunction with the Soviets while a constitution was drawn up, but all that was washed away in the October Revolution. The Duma has to be considered a significant failure for the Russian people, and also for the Tsar, as none of them were either a representative body or a complete puppet. On the other hand, compared to what followed after October 1917, it had a lot to recommend it. Sources Bailey, Sydney D. Police Socialism in Tsarist Russia. The Review of Politics 19.4 (1957): 462–71.Briman, Shimon. The Jewish Question and Elections to the First and Second Duma, 1905-1907. Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies 1997 (1997): 185–88.Keep, J. L. H. Russian Social-Democracy and the First State Duma. The Slavonic and East European Review 34.82 (1955): 180–99. Walsh, Warren B. The Composition of the Dumas. The Russian Review 8.2 (1949): 111–16. Print.Walsh, Warren B. Political Parties in the Russian Dumas. The Journal of Modern History 22.2 (1950): 144–50. Print.

Executive Briefing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Executive Briefing - Essay Example Strategic planning is about what the organization does; whom it does it to; and how it excels. This paper seeks to analyze the importance of strategic planning to homeland security organizations. Strategic planning, in most organizations, is basically a process used to determine where the organization is headed to over a year or more. Strategic planning therefore includes the mastery of the organization’s mission, vision, strategies, and values (Ahrenfelt, 2006). Strategic planning is therefore important for homeland security organizations in that the process will enable them understand, where they are currently with their services, the people they are serving, where they want to be in the near future, and strategies and courses of action they need to get to the destination of their choice. According to strategic planning, various approaches can be used to achieve components of strategic management. However, to homeland security organizations, it will be vital for them to appl y approaches such as: the Situation Target Proposal Approach, which evaluates the currently existing condition and how it resulted, defines objectives and goals of the organization, and maps the most probable path or route to achieving those objectives and goals; and the Draw See Think Plan Approach, which defines the desired end state or the ideal organization’s image, defines the situation today and determines the existing gap from the idea and the reason for that gap, determine the specific courses of action that must be undertaken in order to seal the gap existing between the ideal state and the current condition, and plans the required resources that will facilitate the execution of strategy activities (Donald, 2004). These approaches describe strategic planning importance to homeland security organizations. Through strategic planning, the homeland security organization is able to train its employees and take positive steps towards establishing a department wide approach which is effective in executing its duties. Strategic planning is important to homeland security organizations, because it helps the department to address the challenge of cultural change and transformation, and aid it ensuring that the workforce possesses the skills and knowledge that is required to respond effectively to both the current and future threats to the organization. Some of the actions already taken by the homeland security organization because of the importance of strategic planning include; issuing the strategic plan for training, establishing training groups and councils in order to increase communication across the components, and providing directly training for particular departmental need (Fridson, 2001). However, without effective strategic planning, homeland security organizations are likely to be impeded by several challenges. This is because without strategic planning, there would be lack of compatible or common information management systems as well as a tra ining terminology commonly understood, hence making sharing of information on training difficult (Donald, 2004). Lack of strategic planning will also lead to unclear relationships of accountability and authority between the components of organization and the office of the human capital. In the absence of strategic planning, planning by the homeland security organization will be insufficiently detailed in ensuring coordination and effective implementation of training efforts. Strategic planning is also important to the homeland secu

Racial Prejudices Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Racial Prejudices - Research Paper Example According to Allport (1954), definition of prejudice is a negative bias directed to a particular group of people. On the hand, racism is has a foundation on beliefs and shown in behaviors that believes race to be a biological entity and claims other racial groups apart from their own are psychologically, intellectually and physically inferior (Allport, 1954). Pascoe (1985) describes racism that it results from race prejudice transformation and ethnocentrism through power exercise against another racial group regarded as inferior by institutions and individuals with unintentional and intentional support of the whole culture. Therefore, the racism core includes prejudiced mentality of superiority in a in group with a power exercise to subjugate a group considered out. Therefore, as prejudice is attitudinal in nature mainly, racism extends the attitude into a discriminating behavior against another group. Many theorists have tended to explain why racial prejudice is easy to develop. Som e claim that racial prejudice is one of the by-products of evolution for adaptive strategies for survival that make humans beings to distinguish between a foe and a friend (Oskamp, 2000). Furthermore, the process of natural selection programmed the human brain to depend on physical markers in assessment of a potential threat among competing different racial groupings. This perspective is echoed in prehistoric societies where interpersonal interactions among different tribes were noted to be dangerous in transmission of deadly diseases (Allport, 1954). Adaptive reactions to these threats were to attribute a potential threat to people of an out group who were identified by different physical features. From this perspective, racism and prejudice can be and has been embedded in the cultural, biological and social collective human consciousness. Pascoe (1985) points out that many scholars have conceptualized the psychodynamic of psychological processes thought to explain racial prejudice development and maintenance among the whites. The conceptual perspective views racial prejudice as an unconscious ego mechanism for defense designed for reduction of anxiety among most experience of white people due to conflicted super ego and id based racial feelings and thoughts (Oskamp, 2000). There are different sources of racial prejudice; key among them are various forms of fear. The expectation that another person will do harm , perception that the other’s difference in viewing the world will create to one’s own challenges, presumption that by interacting it will lead to rejection, embarrassment or ridicule and the fear generation of negative consequences due to negative stereotypes. According to Allport (1954), the theoretical support that suggests forcing of people to change their behaviors will results to a long term in change of attitude relates to the theory of cognitive dissonance that stipulates that people cannot think in a particular way and contrarily behave in a manner without interfering with the belief structure. Therefore, according to Pascoe (1985), two strategies can work to this problem: First, attention should be paid to the normative exertion to change behavior as contrary to legal pressure. Second, steps to be taken to make sure that the moral pressure conveyor is someone respected, similar to the target. Oskamp (2000) adds that strategies that try to change the

The Change in Our Relationship with Nature over Time Essay Example for Free

The Change in Our Relationship with Nature over Time Essay The relationship between humans and nature has been interactive, chaotic, and complex. From a many human viewpoints, nature can be considered as both a source of everyday needs, and an adversary, a rather indefinite force which we interact with. Many people today consider themselves a separate entity, existing completely outside, if not above nature, especially in western cultures. Yet, nature was not always perceived as such. Over the centuries, people have thought of nature in a number of different ways, depending on their connection to nature at the time. To fully understand this relationship, one must first define what is meant by nature. Nature, put simply, is the complete physical world. One might also venture further to say nature is what also occurs beyond of any human feats, with a distinction between nature and the artificial. While this line between the natural and synthetic is not always so clear, one could say nature is the original arrangement and order of components of a substance, without mankind’s tampering and interference. Whereas all humans have an agenda of some sort, nature can be considered perhaps the clearest example of indifference. Beginning from humanity’s more primal state, nature was most often viewed as more of an omnipotent presence than anything else, where nature’s indifference bore down upon them the strongest. It brought hunger, disease, and disaster, wreaking havoc on all mankind. Of course there were different reactions to cope with nature’s torments, one being the creation of tools to help increase the chances of survival. However, more often a coping method would involve embodying these elemental powers as celestial forces by representing them with animals or through ritual objects. They could also be personified as gods who could direct these forces however they pleased. When disasters struck, it was due to the actions and offences of humans, so hence they let loose their unbridled anger upon the masses of terrified souls. One could say this is especially true for the Judeo-Christian traditions, where humans are thought to sit at the head of the table over all aspects of natur e, and to help deal with the intimidating character of nature, it is said humans are destined by God to dominate nature. While on the other hand,  many Eastern religions claim nearly the exact opposite: humans are an internal and basic part of nature. This Eastern way of thinking evolved over the years and became a basis for the Romantic/Transcendentalist movements. These two movements reflected people’s feeling of estrangement from nature as a dreadful loss, and they worked to recover what was seen as a broken concord between humans and nature. As a result, they favored the pastoral simplicity of the outdoors to the extensive commotion of the more modern cities. This opinion was expressed by Henry David Thoreau in his essay when he stated â€Å"Our life is frittered away by detail†¦ Simplicity, simplicity, simplicity!† With this statement he tells us that people are too caught up in their own petty, insignificant problems and a fast-paced lifestyle to see the beauty in nature and how communing with it can release men from â€Å"quiet lives of desperation,† enslaving them. Romanticism and Transcendentalism had much more of a sentimental viewpoint of life and unity with nature people, especially of Eastern philosophies, used to have. Eventually this world view dwindled and was overtaken by the manufacturer’s standpoint. Nature was simply a vast expanse of raw materials only waiting to be taken advantage of, according to the more modern businessman. With the usage of both human labor and a little human ingenuity these natural stores could be converted into products for society’s use, precious goods and services to be dispersed within communities everywhere, particularly for the company’s profit. This point of view is nearly the exact opposite of Romanticism and Transcendentalism. One could also say it seems to be a caricature of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s statement â€Å"To speak truly, few adult persons can see nature. Most persons do not see the sun. At least they have a very superficial seeing,† where the entrepreneur’s viewpoint is just that, only taken to a whole new level. Instead of simply being estranged from nature, caught up in their own little lives, they imply that nature is only a collection of decomposing matter and the physical forces controlling it, just waiting to be exploited by humans. This stance tapered away to be exchanged with its radical opposite: Environmentalism. Once people realized the rise in industry and the destruction triggered by it and the potential damage that could be done, they began to condemn what they saw as corporate greed running rampant. Environmentalists generally believed that nature was almost sacred in a sense, and inspiring reverence. Any mistreatment of nature by humans was considered invasive and an offense against its inborn inviolability. Should humans not see their mistakes and fix their lifestyles, humanity shall surely be lost. Finally, the relationship between humans and nature is much more complex and ambiguous than how most perceive it. The notion of nature has other conceptual connotations and meanings to be dealt with and understood. In different time periods this relationship is seen in many different lights, from fear, to mastery, to spiritual connectedness, to near worship. This demonstrates that the differing philosophies show one common theme-the idea that humans share an awkward, disconnected relationship with nature. The reason why is an enigma that with continue to mystify the human race.

american lit Essay -- essays research papers

When did American Literature begin?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -with the Native Americans Three dominant characteristics/themes of Native American Literature?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Relationship with the land   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Belief in the Great Manito   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Use of natural images How did Columbus describe the New World?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -astonishing, colorful, marvelous speed of the canoes, a paradise Identify:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Bay Psalm Book: first book published in America   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -manito: spiritual forces   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Walum Olum: painted record   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -allusion: reference to something   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -concrete language: short, forceful, cleaner   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -conceit: controlling image   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -analogy: comparison   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -simile: direct comparison using like or as   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -metaphor: saying it is something its not   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   -antonyms: two opposite words   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -irony: opposite of what's supposed to happen   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -sarcasm: low form of irony   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Great Awakening: fervent revival of religious dedication   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -pictographs: word pictures Compare and contrast the literature of Puritans and the southern colonies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Puritans: simple, religious, practical, examining of spiritual selves, communicated ideas clearly, explained Biblical interpretation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Southerners: flashy, flowery, ornate, complicated, decorative What is the purpose of ‘A Description of New England?' How does the author go about meeting this purpose?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -to get people to move to New England; exaggerates the good, doesn't mention the bad What does TULIP stand for? Explain each point.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Total Depravity/inability   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Unconditional election/selection   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Limited Atonement   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Irresistible grace   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Perseverance/preservation for the saints Identify the conceit of ‘In Reference to Her Children' and ‘Huswifery'   Ã‚  Ã‚  &nb... ...ial encounter with the Devil, wife's involvement, terms of tom's deal, occupation, Tom's fate. Translate Thanatopsis. Summarize Bryant's thanatopsis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -‘view of death,' Bryant's view was deaath is one with nature, be with other great people who have gone before, etc. Define:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -meter: regular rhythm in poetry, unit of meter   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -foot of poetry: stressed/unstressed syllables/ one stressed two unstressed syllables How is the Black Cat an example of Romantic Literature?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -focus on self and individual, fascination with the supernatural, gothic Compare and contrast the following views on the dark side of humanity:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Death Instinct/Spirit o Perverseness: Freud and Poe–dark side is constantly present   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Sinful Nature: Christianity–there is a way out According to Montressor, what are the two requirements of meaningful revenge?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -can't be consumed by it, once you've taken your revenge, drop it   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -don't let the person know you're upset with them and seeking revenge